Essay --

The Solutions to Note-Taking Problems for StudentsByTimothy Cooks12/3/2013Learning Challenge/Solution ProjectDr. SamuelsonNote taking is a military operation that involves the writing down of information that has been received from another source such as a professor or boss. Note taking provides the user with reference book material to use for future use. Note taking is one of the most important and useful study skills to catch while in college. Students must foresee to take a lot of keep an eye ons in college. Professors will expect their students to take notes during lectures in suppose to go back and review at home alone(predicate) or with other shed light onmates. Note taking is a skill, so in order to make this skill efficient, we must develop multiple techniques in order to make note taking more profitable. Chapter 6 in our textbooks gives us plenty of techniques of note taking to improve our note taking skills. But onward that lets point out that note taking has two b asic functions that note taking serves. Note taking serves as a way to help you livestock or encode the material and a way to keep the information in written form until you need it for later reference (Pintrich & VanderStoep, 137).Chapter 6 serves as a good guide in presenting students with strategies for effective note taking. The chapter focus is on strategies instead of style in order to help us hypothecate about the process of note taking while we are in class. Before we begin note taking we should ask ourselves these questions What should I pay watchfulness to? What should I write down? How should I organize my notes? We are now at the beginning stages of improving the process of taking notes (Pintrich & VanderStoep, 137). This will help organism organized while taking notes. Remember that good note ... ...es. In result, my quiz and exam scores dramatically increased. When I enter anatomy I used the more the same method but I needed to incorporate more techniques such as co mparing notes with other students in my class because we had less instruction from the professor. Exchanging notes with other students helped me not fall behind or miss out on important information. In my current semester, I have learned more techniques and methods to include with what I already know. The results are fulfilling allowing me to potentially have straight As. I learned that its beneficial for any student to become a stronger note taker because its necessary for successful studying and researching. I recommend anyone who read this to become proficient in note taking for one main reason which is, to remember important information such as dates, times, key points or facts.

Ben Franklin Essay -- essays research papers

A Universal ManWhen one takes a look at the world in which he currently lives, he sees it as being normal since it is so slow in changing. When an historian looks at the present, he sees the personal effects of many events and many profound people. Benjamin Franklin is one of these people. His participation in so many different fields changed the world immensely. He was a renowned politician as well as respected scholar. He was an important inventor and scientist. Particularly interesting is his impact on the scientific world. Benjamin Franklin was a modest man who had had many jobs in his lifetime. This may help exempt his large array of inventions and new methods of working various jobs. He did everything from making cabbage-growing more than efficient to making political decisions to being the first person to study and chart the Gulf Stream movement in the Atlantic Ocean. This can explain why many people, including myself, saw him as a universal man. The definition of a univer sal man is one who knows a little on ...

Zen Buddhisim and Japan Essay -- essays research papers

back breaker Buddhism and JapanJapan and the development of Zen Buddhism went hand in hand towards the beginning of the sixth century. Buddhism was in amply bloom in India and the Chinese were adapting it to there Lifestyle when some(prenominal) Japanese clans began picking it up. Zen Buddhism Zen Buddhism is a combination of Indian and Chinese suasion process revolving around the world as it is and the discipline of finding enlightenment. The idea of enlightenment or Satori as the Japanese called it was the central point of Buddhism The Chinese had several right smarts of looking at the things that were contradicted by Indian lifestyles and thus you have the creation of Zen Buddhism. The Chinese werent as philosophically minded as their Indian counterparts, rather looking at things in a genuinely practical way. The Chinese were always devoted to world affairs, but always unplowed touch of reality. The Chinese werent looking for God, or answers from a higher source, looking w ithin for the answers. This is one way the Zen Buddhism was greatly different from virtually other(a) religions was its emphasis on asking questions and seeking answers thought the use of guess. The monks that followed Zen Buddhists werent asked to recite group prayer or whatsoever other deeds of piety, but rather just ask questions and seek answers. The basis of Zen Buddhism also puts an unprecedented emphasis on community. A monk of any level, or the master of of a Monastery all have the same role in community and work together on all levels. No calculate how mundane the work might be, the group emphasis rules above all thus creating every man equal. Zen teachings believe in handling a thing rather than an abstraction and this is an example of this. Rather than asking a god figure, or waiting for gods intervention, Buddhist monks believe in asking the question to themselves or to a higher monk where they can get a grounded answer, although it was usually cryptic. These crypti c answers however relate to one way one achieves enlightenment, through the use of Zen verbalism. This verbalism is very characteristic of the Chinese way, as the answer is always grounded in something very real. Most Zen teachings that be written down be reflective of thi... ...d that they will find enlightenment through their determination to die. If left alive these warriors will feel as though they have failed, and are cowardly, thus they fight with an urgency unlike most others. Their desire to obtain complete master of Bushido is unfortunately only obtainable by their demise. This method of training and preparing soldiers is unlike most other and is highly effective in creating the perfect soldier, one that fights with an awareness like none other, and another who trains with the sole purpose of ending up in a fatal situation. Zen Buddhism has had a tremendous impact on Japan and China, influencing the way everything is today. Today Zen is a commonly used term and is wides pread about the world. Many Zen centers have been set up, and a greater focus on meditation is quite popular. The Zen boom is just that though, to many people cannot commit themselves to fully dedicating themselves to its teachings and apply it, but if Japan is any measure its success is very positive. Japan has firmly set itself up as a premier country, with a deep history and a very rich culture of which are developed with the help of Zen Buddhism.

C++ Programming :: science

C++ Programming NOTES ON C++ PROGRAMMING mental faculty 1 Pointers and Memory Management NOTES ON C++ PROGRAMMING Module 1 Pointers and Memory Management TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 OVERVIEW 4 BASIC MEMORY MANAGEMENT 5 GROUP ASSIGNMENT 6 INITIALIZATION 8 CONSTANTS 9 INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATORS 10 ELSE-IF 13 SWITCH 14 LOOPS 15 EXAMPLES OF LOOPS 16 BREAK, CONTINUE 18 RETURN 19 FUNCTION DEFINITION 21 VOID FUNCTIONS 22 FUNCTIONS RETURNING A VALUE 23 OVERVIEW Algorithms A step-by-step sequence of instructions that describes how to perform a computation. Answers the question What method will you use to solve this computational conundrum? Flowcharts Provides a pictorial representation of the algorithm using the symbols. Structure Charts Provides a pictorial representation of the modules contained in the program. Programming Style Standard form lean names starts in column 1 and is placed with the required parentheses on a line by itself. The opening brace of the functi on body follows on the next line and is placed under the first letter of the function name. The closing brace is placed by itself in column 1 as the last line of the function. The final form of your programs should be consistent and should always serve as an aid to the reading and understanding of your programs. Comments Explanatory remarks made at bottom a program. Help clarify what the complete program is about, what a specific group of statements is meant to accomplish, or what one line is intended to do. Top-Down Program ontogeny 1. Determine the desired output items that the program must produce. 2. Determine the input items 3. Design the program as follows a. Select an algorithm for transforming the input items into the desired outputs. b. apprehend the chosen algorithm, by hand, using specific input values. 4. Code the algorithm into C. 5. Test the program using selected test data. BASIC MEMORY MANAGEMENT set set aside for the variable Characters 1 byte (8 bits) Pointers 4 bytes Integers 2 bytes (16 bits) or 4 bytes (32 bits) Short int or short 2 bytes Unsigned int or unsigned 2 bytes Long Integers 4 bytes Floats 4 bytes(single precision, about 7 decimal places) Doubles 8 bytes( copy precision, about 15 decimal places) Type Space a) double *values __________________ ________________________ b) long x1000 __________________ ________________________ c) char *s = string __________________ ________________________ d) char s = string __________________ ________________________ e) char *name 10 __________________ ________________________

Biome Broadcast :: essays research papers

Biome BroadcastLANCASTER / PENNSYLVANIAThis morning Darian, Danny, Laura, and I were bored so we decided that wewould ttaboo ensemble go on a hike at Blue extend Mountain. All of us went home, got ourhiking equipment, and packed a lunch. We then met at my house. I drove all ofus up to Blue Ridge Mountain. We got there in a half hour it was around 1030AM.It was probably unity of the nearly beautiful days we had all year, it wasaround seventy to seventy five degrees and there was barely any humidity. Eventhough we have all four-spot seasons and varied amounts of precipitation throughoutthe year it felt like it was either a scorching humid summer day or it was a freezing snowy winter day. It felt like we only had two seasons all year eithersummer or winter.When we stepped out of the car we could see and attain birds singing. Wecould also smell, hear, and see the beautiful trees swaying in the gentle breeze.Pictures of a robin and a cardinal that we saw firearm stepping out of th ecar.We all got our gear out of the car and walked over to the tangles. We hadto decide what trail to take. We had three choices the first trail was half amile long, the second trail was two miles long, and the third trail was fourmiles long. Since it was such a beautiful day we all decided to take the thirdtrail that was four miles long.We started hiking around 1100 AM. While we were hiking we perceive wingsflapping, we all turned and saw a robin fly towards the ground, pick up a worm,and feed it to her babies. Everyone thought that it was cute. After, wewatched the robin for a while we continued hiking until 1230 PM.Everyone was hungry so we decided to find a spot to eat our lunches. Wefound a perfect spot, it had a expectant view, a patch of beautiful dandelions, anda big beautiful maple tree to sit under.A picture of the great view we had during lunch.A picture of one of the many dandelions that were in the patch that we weresitting next to during lunch.A picture of the maple tree we sat under while eating lunch.We all sat downhearted on the big blanket that we had brought along and ate ourlunches. Laura went over and picked a dandelion and smelled it. We talked fora while and admired how big and beautiful the Blue Ridge Mountain was.

Biome Broadcast :: essays research papers

Biome BroadcastLANCASTER / PENNSYLVANIAThis morning Darian, Danny, Laura, and I were bored so we decided that wewould all go on a hike at Blue Ridge Mountain. All of us went home, got ourhiking equipment, and packed a lunch. We then met at my house. I drove all ofus up to Blue Ridge Mountain. We got there in a half hour it was most 1030AM.It was probably one of the most beautiful mean solar days we had all year, it wasaround seventy to seventy five degrees and there was barely any humidity. Eventhough we have all four seasons and varied amounts of precipitation through startthe year it felt like it was either a scorching humid summer day or it was afreezing snowy winter day. It felt like we only had two seasons all year eithersummer or winter.When we stepped egress of the car we could see and hear birds singing. Wecould also smell, hear, and see the beautiful trees swaying in the gentle breeze.Pictures of a robin and a cardinal that we saw while stepping out of thecar.We all got our gear out of the car and walked over to the trains. We hadto decide what trail to take. We had three choices the first trail was half amile long, the second trail was two miles long, and the third trail was fourmiles long. Since it was such a beautiful day we all decided to take the thirdtrail that was four miles long.We started hiking around 1100 AM. While we were hiking we heard wingsflapping, we all turned and saw a robin fly towards the ground, pick up a worm,and feed it to her babies. Everyone survey that it was cute. After, wewatched the robin for a while we continued hiking until 1230 PM.Everyone was hungry so we decided to find a spot to eat our lunches. Wefound a perfect spot, it had a great great deal, a patch of beautiful dandelions, anda bounteous beautiful maple tree to sit under.A picture of the great view we had during lunch.A picture of one of the many dandelions that were in the patch that we weresitting next to during lunch.A picture of the maple tree we sat under while take lunch.We all sat down on the big blanket that we had brought along and ate ourlunches. Laura went over and picked a dandelion and smelled it. We talked fora while and admired how big and beautiful the Blue Ridge Mountain was.

Does modern technology make life more convenient Essay

Does modern technology make life more(prenominal) convenient, or was life better when technology was simpler? Technology today has definitely made life easier and better. As we look at the technologies, what is modern technology? Technology is part of life and it has greatly improved as term is passing Scientists are continually working in order to develop useful products, in which facilitate our lives. Even though some throng swear that technology has lessened our lives quality, I think that it has made the world our life more convenient. Technology abides to us a faster commissions of locomotion, better knowledge, communication, wellness issues and solution for environment issues. The computer is one important feature from technology, which is very used by people in order to increase their knowledge. Books are no monthlong the main carriage to improve the understanding of a specific matter. Universities are acquiring more and more computers to facilitate the students life, and to provide faster information. Students are using a lot more the Internet, which gives to them the right information without the need of going to a library. For example, a person needs to do a inquiry about a matter, and then instead of going to the library, this person could gather good and diverse information using the Internet.Consequently, heshe would finish hisher research faster than doing it in the library by hand. Technology is helping teachers and students to better understand the content of their subjects, and allows them to develop the teaching and studying methods in order to nonplus more benefits the role of technology in schools and universities has turned from a simple (computer class or IT class) into a multipurpose learning tool that can transpose the way we demonstrate concepts, assign projects, and assess programsThus, technology, which created the computer, has definitely helped the universities and the students to get a better knowledge.Nowadays, ways of locomotion such as car, motorcycle, train, and airplane, has facilitated our lives. Centuries ago, the main way to go bad a long distance was the ship, or the horse. Today, the airplane is the most useful way to make fast travels, which gives to us more time. For example, comparing with the ship which commonly crosses the Atlantic Ocean in one or two weeks, the airplane can easily cross it in about 10 hours, and is still the safest way to travel in the world.The car and train also have become a very good way to travel, which can bring us ambient to our familyand to our work. Because of this, these comfortable automobiles and airplanes have been essential to peoples lives.When we talk about communication, the television, the telephone, and the Internet come into our mind. Their uses are essential to the society, and it has become much easier to communicate by telephone than by mail. Centuries ago, the mail was the main way to communication between people, and it was existingly s low because it mostly had to be shipped. Therefore, the use of the mail is no longer being used, and the telephone and Internet have taken place of the mail. People can pay bills by the Internet in a safe way and phone familiars instantly. In other words, these ways of communications are a lot faster than it was centuries ago, and it has made our world a better place to live. pursue the innovation of e-book for instance. Although quite a few people like to touch real papers, they cannot deny every year the industry of book-publishing has consumed a large total of woods.And many scientists have proposed that one of solutions to green-house issue is preventing forests from decreasing. So, the advent of e-book makes modern people change their traditional reading habit it allows people to turn virtual pages by tapping the screen and enables to read several books on an electronic device without carrying heavy weights. Obviously, publishers are more likely to present books or magazines through e-book instead of real papers. Due to less needs of printing books, woods can be saved for our future generations. As we know, many technological innovations have been used on researching mental or physical diseases.For example, pregnant women must do many checks during their three trimesters. Doctors use ultrasound facility to check babys speckle and attain useful information to decide if there is any disease, such as Downs syndrome. Consequently, if there were no technology assisting doctors to check patients bodies, people may struggle with unknown health problems. In conclusion, the reasons above are why I strongly agree that technology has made our life more convenient. The computer, the automobile, the telephone, other machineries for health care and those which can become our solution for environmental problems have surely been essential to us and I think that the world has so many things yet to be developed in order to help the society and make it good place to live .Referenceshttp//www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/DA8177ED1A80D332CA257BF0001B08EE/$ charge/ocpahfsv5.pdfhttp//www.searo.who.int/publications/journals/seajph/media/2012/seajph_v1n2/whoseajphv1i2p125.pdf?ua=1http//www.essayforum.com/writing-3/technology-modern-life-advantageous-57712/http//www.essayforum.com/writing-3/impact-technology-modern-life-critique-thx-2139/http//www.essayforum.com/writing-3/blessed-modern-tools-technology-7303/

Managing Financial Resources Essay

SUMMARY RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONSThe proposed refrigerator manufacturing and gross gross sales jump out for Tesca Works, Inc. is a financially complicated purport which on the surface, given the increase in energy termss and customer hold may substantiatem like a gentle proposition. However, when we delve further into the details of the financial sound go outions along with come outions of the future of the refrigerator market we argon able to make a confident pep upation to Mr. Burton and the executive director staff at Tesca Works, Inc. Using the information provided by the Tesca team we were able to create a comprehensive great bud force and cash emanate synopsis for the proposed refrigerator cast off. by our analysis we found that the cost of capital of the jut to be 13.487% and a Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) to be at a pass judgment of 9.70%. Factoring in the WACC into our externaliseions we found that if the command maintains at an bonny rate the project will be at a autocratic NetPresent Value of $5,997,505.31 with an IRR of 13.21%, a positiveness index of 8.84, and an approximate payback finish of 6.84 age. Please see exposes below for a snapshot of the capital budget and NPV apprizes.This information seemed to be very promising for the project in general. However, our continued analysis showed the project to be very sensitive to the sales toll per unit of the refrigerator. We used the average hold scenario to pretend a sensitivity analysis and found that with just a 5% decrease in the sales wrong of the refrigerator the NPV quickly dipped into a banish value thus showing the project to be extremely sensitive to the sales charge of the refrigerator.Our scenario analysis similarly exposed a besotted prospect of the project giving a negative Net Present Value and giving a probable low Internal Rate of hang of only 4.01%. This is mainly due to the projects sensitivity to the sales value of the refrigerat or and the potentially lower sales in the event of weak entreat for the product.Because of the high probability for a very low IRR and negative NPV we are recommending that the project be rejected. The information we take uncovered through detailed financial analysis showed that the project is far too sensitive to lower demand and lower sales equipment casualtys per unit. This is especially avowedly for a lower sales price for the refrigerator. We found that even a small decrease in the sales price of just over 1% would cause the projects NPV to become negative, even with an average unit sales demand. There may be potential for an average or toilsome demand in the marketplace, however there is too much endangerment to recommend project acceptance. A decision to move forward with the project would be mainly based on a gut-feeling rather than on sound financial reasoning. Thus it is our official recommendation that Tesca Works, Inc. reject the project.1) IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY sp eak to SITUATIONThe question of energy cost being a factor of the decision to move forward with this project is of critical importance. This is because whether or not consumers are inspired to acquire a new appliance may be spurred byincreases in energy costs as well as executable tax benefits or rebates from power generating companies. Some consumers may be aware of the benefits of energy efficient appliances which may cause an increase in the normal demand for refrigerators. Tesca is in a unique position to be able to offer high efficiency refrigerators to the United States overt at a time when the public is looking to reduce their use of electricity and other utility costs. When we look at the graph above it can be seen that the cost of electricity has steadily increased over the last 10 course of studys. The price per kilowatt hour has increased almost 50% in 10 eld (EIA, 2014).Thus to the consumer the price of energy is a big concern and the costs will most likely continu e into the future. There is potential for an increased demand to replace develop inefficient appliances that are causing increased electrical bills for consumers. The energy cost and potential benefits to the consumer are of importance when determining the future of this project. The project is forecast to be of a positive value if the demand for refrigerators is at an average or strong demand from consumers. However, the realization of a high or average demand is mainly based on gut-feeling rather than on sound financial information. There are too many variables in the marketplace that could cause demand to be weaker than projected. Such variables as a weak economy or recession could cause sales to drop which in turn would cause the project to lose its value quickly.2) What is the projects cost of equity? What is the appropriate discount factor to use for evaluating the refrigerator project?As seen in Exhibit I below, the projects cost of equity (COE) is omend to be 13.487%. We found this value by using the Capital Asset Pricing pretense (CAPM) formula by adding the treasury discover yield with the beta value, then taking the market return rate and subtracting the treasury note yield. We then compute those values together to attain the cost of equity value of 13.487%. This means there is a rate of return on investment of 13.487%.The Beta for Tesca Works, Inc. is plumb consistent with their competition. Tescas beta value is at 1.3 which means that Tescas value has been more than volatile than the market. While this means there is more risk when investing in Tesca there is also a greater possibility for higher rates ofreturn.Exhibit I also shows the table used to calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) or discount factor which we used to evaluate this particular project. We used the following formula to calculate the WACC for this project. We have that the higher the weighted average cost of capital the little likely it is that Tesca wil l be creating value for its investors. The WACC helps us to model if a company is creating value and expresss the minimum return to satisfy investors and creditors.3) Which of the ii compressors should be used in the refrigerator if you decide to go ahead with the project and why?As seen in Exhibit II we determined that the CM-004 compressor should be used for this particular project. We came to this conclusion by finding the present value of the five year compressor warranty and adding that to the cost of the compressor. We used the weighted average cost of capital as the rate in our present value calculations.While the TS-L12 has a less dearly-won purchase price it has a more expensive warranty cost for the five year warranty period thus making it a more expensive overall compressor. When we use the present value calculations on both compressors, factoring in the warranty, we found that the present value of the CM-004 is $18.21 less expensive than the TS-L12 compressor. This m akes the CM-004 compressor 4% less expensive to purchase for the warranty life of the compressor.It was important to take calculate the present values of both compressors to get an accurate comparison of the costs of the two compressors for the five year warranty costs of from to each one one compressor. While on the surface the TS-L12 may have seemed less expensive the overall cost in present dollars was higher when we factored in the value of the five year warranty on both compressors.4) Forecast the projects cash flows for the next xx years. What assumptions did you use?Once we selected the appropriate compressor to use we were able to plug incertain input values into our equations to create a cash flow projection for the entire project lifetime. We used the weighted average cost of capital value found in our earlier calculations as one of our input values. We also found the present value of the refrigerator, see Exhibit IV, by using the input values given in the financial inf ormation from Tesca such as the labor, parts, and compressor costs. We found the cost of the refrigerator to be $1,269.36, seeExhibit III. ASSUMPTIONS MADECertain assumptions were made when calculating the projected cash flows for the refrigerator project. We assumed fanfare would remain at 2.5% and used that value to increase the sales price, variable cost, and administrative fixed costs each year. Please see Exhibit IV for a breakdown of the inputs used for the cash flow projections. This allowed us to gain a more a more realistic forecast of the projects potential cash flows for the entire project. We also used the average demand as our base projections for the project. This is because the average demand scenario has the highest probability of 45%.We used straight-line disparagement with regard to depreciating the investment in the project over time. We detailed the first three years of the project, years zero through two with the appropriate investment amounts during each of th ose years. Since toil and sales did not begin until year three we were able to make an assumption of potential tax returns on the invested dollars for years one and two. We used the tax rate of 25% to calculate the tax returns along with the taxable amounts for all years. See the attached spreadsheet for the detailed cash flow projections. We also assumed that since the refrigerators could be produced for a total of 20 years the entire life of the project would span from year zero through year 22. This is because the production of the refrigerators could not begin until year three, thus making the projects timeline from year zero through year 22.With this information and assumptions we found that when the units are in production and being sold the project will yield a positive annual cash flow. The working capital was found by taking the 11% and carrying it overfor each year. We used the initial Net Operating Working Capital (NOWC) found in year two then calculated the disparity u sing 11% of the difference of the sales each year and calculated that for the entire life of the production.5) Use the appropriate capital budgeting techniques to evaluate the project.As seen in Exhibit V we used the appropriate capital budgeting and performance measures to evaluate the life of the project. Exhibit VI displays the results of the capital budgeting analysis. We found the NPV for the average demand scenario to be $5,997,505.31 which is a positive value for the project given the average demand inputs. The Internal Rate of Return was calculated as 13.21% which, again, is a positive value and could provide for a nice rate of return on the project since it is higher than the weighted average cost of capital and the market return rate.The profitability index was found to be at a value of 8.84. Because the profitability index is higher than 1.0 that shows that the project present value is greater than the initial investments in the project. We then calculated the number of y ears for a payback on the initial investments in the project. We found that the simple payback of the initial investments would take 6.48 years for the average demand scenario.In simple terms, and if we only used the average demand assumptions, this project would seem to provide positive net results for Tesca. Using the average demand inputs the NPV, IRR, Profitability Index, and Payback Years are at an acceptable level. However, as we will cover in later sections, when we include probability analysis of the other demand scenarios we find that the project is less than desirable.6) Use the average demand scenario to evaluate the sensitivity of the projects NPV with compliance to sale price of the refrigerator and the cost of the compressor.We used the average demand scenario to produce a comprehensive sensitivity analysis of the project. We utilized three variables when conducting our sensitivity analysis, the sale price of the refrigerator, the cost of thecompressor, and the projec ts weighted average cost of capital. We included the weighted average cost of capital as an extra variable to get further details on the sensitivity of the project.We used a scale of 5% increments from -25% to 25% which allowed us to produce a sensitivity analysis with seemly details. Please see Exhibits VIII and IX for the numerical details and sensitivity graph for the project.The sensitivity analysis uncovered the following critical information with respect to how sensitive the NPV of the project was to the given variables.Sales Price SensitivityWe found that even a small decrease in the sales price of the refrigerator of just over 1% caused the projects NPV to become negative. The graph in Exhibit IX shows the steep sensitivity line with respect to the tack in the sales price per unit. Even with an average sales demand, if the price dropped to 15% which is approximately the same sale price of our weak demand scenario the NPV was easily below zero at a negative value of $-57,6 67,920. With each 5% increment the NPV values sometimes increased or decreased at a rate that doubled or more because of the projects extreme sensitivity to the sales price of the refrigerator. The profit margin on the refrigerator of 19.41% and markup of only 24% does not leave much room for a price reduction in the sales price of the refrigerator. The data also points to a wide roll up in NPV with respect to the sales price of the units. There was a total range of over $212 million for the sensitivity of the sales price per unit. This data leads to the husking that the project is extremely sensitive to the sales price of the refrigerator.Compressor Cost SensitivityThe project was not as sensitive to the cost of the compressor, however, it did not take a large percentage increase in the cost of the compressor to throw the NPV of the project into a negative value, just over 5%. Exhibit IXs graph shows the sensitivity lines for the project. The compressor sensitivity is not nearly as steep as the price sensitivity per unit. Because the cost of the compressor affects the profit margin on each refrigerator the lower the cost of the compressor the better the NPV becauseof the increased profit margin per unit.7) Based on the scenario and sensitivity analysis you performed above, comment on the overall danger of the project.Based on the scenario and sensitivity analysis we were able to determine that the project is of a high risk nature. There are several factors that make this project such a high risk which include the narrow profit margin per unit, the uncertainty of the future market, the high cost per unit, and the high administrative costs.Through a scenario analysis we analyzed the three potential demand scenarios for this project. We used the weak, strong, and average demand scenario variables to formulate the probabilities for the project. We found that the probability of the NPV is a crucial negative value of $-6,300,213, see Exhibit VII for details of the scenario analysis. We also found that the probable IRR of the project was very low at 4.01%. Given the low IRR probability of 4.01% that means it is significantly lower than the S&P 500 market return of 11% and barely a point higher than the 10-year treasury note yield of 2.71%. The low probable internal rate of return is another red flag for the riskiness and viability of the refrigerator project for Tesca Works, Inc.The weak demand scenario produced significant negative values for the NPV and the internal rate of return (IRR). The weak scenario also produced a non-existent payback period within the 20 year production lifecycle of the project. With each scenario the selling price and unit sales were changed, however, the high cost of each unit and administrative costs remained the same, thus adding to the risk of the project since it is highly dependent on an average or strong demand and higher sales prices per unit.While the project has the potential of a very high NPV, IRR, and payback period with a strong demand, the projects sensitivity to price and market demand make this a very risky project to undertake at this time. If there were slipway to increase the profit margin or decrease the fixed costs of the project that may help decrease the risky nature of this particular project.8) Would you recommend that Tesca Works accept or reject the project? What is the basis for your recommendation?We would not recommend this project for Tesca Works, Inc. Our recommendation is for Tesca management to reject the project. Our analysis has shown this project to be too sensitive to market shift and too risky to undertake at this time. While there is excitement across the country for more energy efficient appliances, we feel that the project poses some significant risks for Tesca. The successful outcome of the project truly relies on the demand from consumers. Their demand will determine the selling price and sales volume of the refrigerator units. If this demand is barely below the average demand we will see a negative NPV for the project and thus a negative result for Tesca Works, Inc. Recent economic history in the United States has shown the economy to be unstable and may not provide an average or strong demand for the product. While we feel the energy costs across the country could be of significant importance for a project of this nature we do not feel that there is enough leeway in the profit margin of the project to be economically feasible should demand be lower than anticipated.Our analysis showed the project to be very sensitive to the sales price per unit value of the refrigerator. We used the average demand scenario to produce a sensitivity analysis and found that with just a 5% decrease in the sales price of the refrigerator the NPV quickly dipped into a negative value thus showing the project to be extremely sensitive to the sales price of the refrigerator.Our scenario analysis also exposed a strong probability of the project giving a negative Net Present Value and giving a probable low Internal Rate of Return of only 4.01%. This is mainly due to the projects sensitivity to the sales price of the refrigerator and the potentially lower sales in the event of weak demand for the product.The projects profit margin is too close to allow for market demand fluctuations which would cause the project to have a negative net presentvalue. If Tesca were to offer the refrigerator at a higher sales price this would yield a stronger profit margin and may alter the recommended rejection of this project. As we discussed the project is far too sensitive to changes in the sales price of the refrigerators. Even with an average demand of sales volume, if we reduce the sales price we begin to see a negative NPV for the project. Thus, the project is too sensitive to minor changes in the profit margin of the refrigerators. Which is why we are recommending a rejection of this project for Tesca Works, Inc.

Ethics and Environment Essay

Innovation is said to give-up the ghost when something is d unity in a radically new counselling. Apple has been frequently cited as the intro leader in technological world. It, under the leadership of its CEO Steve Jobs, introduced products which were radically different as for as design was concerned. Comp ared to Apple, Dells computers stick no mod design or technical feature. The importance of trigger is such that most of the favored companies just more or less the world are spending huge sums of their profits on innovation related projects.Many people confuse innovation with invention. Innovation and invention are different things. Invention is the first step toward the development of something new. It is the manifestation of an idea while innovation happens when that idea is put to use successfully. Invention tush occur any moment while for innovation to occur, years may pass by as it takes a lot of fourth dimension from researching to introducing a new product. It t akes one person to invent and many to innovate as a lot of people are required to do research, test, and market a particular product. following(a) are the four types of innovation types as set forth by Oslo Manual 1- Product Innovation. This type of innovation is said to occur when a signifi canfultly different product is introduced by a company. The difference may occur due to design, improved technical specification etc. 2- Process innovation. If a action process is novel and delivery system improved then process innovation is said to suck up occurred. 3- Marketing Innovation. When a products pricing, packaging, or positioning is done in a totally new way then marketing innovation is said to have occurred.4- Organizational innovation. If organizational purification is changed bringing in a lot of value than organizational innovation is said to have occurred. Innovation is result oriented, the two main out tell aparts of innovations as described in a report published by Bosto n Consulting group are Tangible Outcomes Tangible outcomes refer to new products and design that are achieved as a result of innovating. They are provided legal cover by various intellectual property instruments like copyrights. Intangible Outcomes These are outcomes that cannot be quantified and legally protected.A new production process is a tangible outcome. Not every organization that engages in advanced(a) pursuits succeeds. Many organizations complain that their money invested in innovation process is wasted. This does not mean that every organization fails rather there are various success factors that determine whether an organization will succeed and come up with innovative products or services or not. Idea generation is a first step where most organizations fail. If resources are not invested properly, bright ideas world power not come to executives attention.Companies alike need to look to their customers for ideas. Then they need to have proper processes in place to carry precedent the best ideas and make most of them. Another success factor that many organizations lack is the absence of good leaders who can gauge the whole innovation process. Innovation process will be disrupted if an organization does not have enough skilled workers. In research and development labs of many successful companies, quality of employees is one factor which has played a big role. Importance to Innovation for OrganizationsInnovation is critical to any companys success in these times because it is the main driver of competitive advantage. It is one of the factors that drives the growth and shareholder value of any organization. Every organization wants to come up with creative ideas which they can manifest and implement successfully. One study suggests that distinct products/services and novel business processes are the main competitive advantage that any organization can have. This is also the opinion of the 70 percent of the CEOs of the fastest progressing compan ies.Almost every organization has know the value of innovation so much so they have not decreased their R&D budget in this time of recession. One Wall Street Journal report says that big US companies have not decreased their spending on R&D despite a fall of 7. 7% in their revenue. It is true that history teaches us striking lessons. The same is case with business world. IPod was introduced soon after the incident of 9/11. Among those who plan to spend almost the same amount on R&D as they did in 2007 are Microsoft, Intel and 3M.Apple is a perfect example of a company which gained competitive advantage mainly by innovative pursuits. It realized that investment in innovation pursuits is the only way to boost profitability thats why they increased their R&D investment by more than 42% during 1999 to 2000 despite a decrease of 6% in their revenue. This led to products like IPod and ITunes store. They have mainly relied on innovation in design. Apple has also succeeded in capturing a share in cell phone market by introducing another innovative product called IPhone. In the last century, people talked about efficiency and shareholder value.They applied various principles to reduce cost and achieve economies of scale. But their rivals in low- income countries could outclass them because of lower costs of production there. Now is the time to gain competitive advantage by innovation. Human resource of any organization is the best place for creative ideas. It is the people of any organizations that can overhaul give it a competitive advantage by innovating new products and services. Google is another company which has gained significant competitive advantage over its rivals by introducing innovative products. much than 50 percent of internet users use Google as their primary search engine. It introduced the new way of targeting ads based on internet surfing behavior of its users. Google enunciate is another of their innovation. Apart from that, they have introduce d services like Google mail, Google News etc. The owners of Google have made fortune by indulging in innovation pursuits. car maker industry also drives its strength from innovation. Toyota, ranked third by Business Week as most innovative company, has come up with cars with very innovative features.It will introduce the powerful Prius which will have solar- powered air conditioner. Microsoft is another company which has gained competitive advantage by rolling out innovative product. It recently introduced Windows 8. It can, therefore, be concluded that if any organization is to gain a competitive advantage, it should foster the innovative environment. This can be achieved by giving way to open culture at organization, empowering people at all levels, and encouraging employees to give their ideas about new products and/or services.

The Taming of the Shrew; Is Kate Tamed?

Katherina may be a shrew, but Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew does non really show a study of how a selfish, defective individual is made to conform to societys expectations, or be tamed into a proper woman. At the end of the play, Katherina is not, necessarily, tamed she just realizes what she moldiness to do in order to get the things she wants. Two main examples of her submitting to Petruchio in order to achieve her desires are in Act 4, scene 5, (the sun versus daydream scene) as well as Act 5, scene 2 (the kiss me kate scene and her final monologue).In Act 4, scene 5, the auditory sense is shown a major authority of Petruchios taming process. Petruchio exclaims Good Lord, how bright and goodly shines the moon (iv, v, line 3, knave 185). It is, of course, the sun shining brightly, as Kate rightly corrects him. When Petruchio threatens Kate by telling her that they will not proceed on their journey to her fathers house unless she agrees with him, Kate is smart enough to realize that the only way to continue on the trip would be to comply.She readily agrees with Petruchio, quite respectfully and subserviently, in fact. Even when Petruchio counters her agreement with Nay, then you lie. It is the blessed sun (iv, v, line 20, page 187) Kate manages to control her anger and, once again, agrees with him. The audience is aware that Kate knows Petruchio is using this obedience strategy as a way to tame Kate and that she seems to have caught on to his tactic. By showing her self-control during that moment, instead of having an outburst, it is demonstrable that Kate outsmarted Petruchio.She is not, at all, tamed simply able to get the things she wants in a calmer manner. Instead of taming her, Petruchio has taught her new ways of achieving the things she wants. As well, in Act 5, scene 2, Kate is likewise shown to be manipulating the situation around her while appearing tamed. When the couple is heading towards Lucentio and Biancas wedding dinner, Petru chio pauses in the street and asks Kate to kiss him. She is a smaller appalled at his forward behaviour and questions him briefly. What, in the midst of the street? / No, sir God forbid, be ashamed to kiss. (v, ii, line 148, 149, page 205). Again, she is threatened with having to return internal instead of joining in the festivities, and Kate retroverts Petruchio a kiss. This obedient kiss may indicate Petruchios power over her, but it was clear to Kate that if she did not give him the kiss he asked for, she would not have been allowed to proceed to the wedding feast. Kate is smart and cunning and she manipulated his yearn for her tameness in order to do everything that she wants to while make him happy and pleased.In addition, Kates final monologue, also in Act 5, scene 2, tells the audience a lot about the play itself, as well as the society in Shakespeares era. On face value, Kates final monologue seems to be a long lecture about serving your husband, no questions asked. Th en vail your stomachs, for it is no boot, / And place your hands below your husbands foot (v, ii, lines 92-3, page 221). However, Shakespeare gave Kate the last word in the play, a sign of her lucid power and control.As well, her monologue can be perceived as quite ironic. Kate is aware of the beliefs about how women in the household should act and, as clearly depicted throughout the entire play, the role Petruchio has been trying to get her to fill. By playing along fullheartedly with societys expectations, in front of the large audience of guests, Kate becomes truly tamed or just incredibly clever. By teaching Bianca and the widow how to treat their husbands properly, she is deemed tamed. Tis a wonder, by your leave, she will be tamed so. v, ii, line 206, page 221). Now, Kate has cleared her reputation. The Taming of the Shrew shows how shrewd Kate changes but she never morphs into the Elizabethan wife Petruchio, and all the other characters, thinks she becomes. Instead, she l earns how to manipulate situations in order to get the things she desires without having large outbursts and a sour attitude. This Shakespeare comedy is a laugh at societys expectations, as it shows how a powerful woman, Kate, outsmarted her arrogant, Elizabethan husband. Katherina

Negotiation Strategies Essay

Throughout the world, most countries arrive at chosen to allow employers to dismiss employees that for simply cause. The employer must present evidence or an argument that supports the nonion to dismiss the employee. This method en currents that an individual is fired for good cause and prevents misunderstanding in the midst of the employer and employee. In the United States, the basis for termination of employees differs greatly. Employment-at-will is a term that means that an employer can terminate an employee at any time for any reason or for no reason without occurring legal liability (Stone, 2007).In the same respect, an employee is free to leave a job at any time for any or no reason with no adverse legal consequences. The purpose of this paper is to present scenarios that question the legality and exceptions of the employment-at-will dogma and to give opinions on how to handle the scenarios. dialogue strategies come from understanding the negotiation process and knowing how others consider and view it. The person negotiating should watch out for tricks another may use to convince he/she that they are wrong.The best and most valued negotiation strategy is to first identify the whats wrong problem and what the competition is requiring. For example, Tameka is a new employee at an accounting firm that is unable to learn and apply basic computer applications. The computer applications are mandatory to the job responsibilities outlined for Tameka. She makes remarks implying that she is not appreciated and is a good worker, regardless of her ability to complete the tasks. Skills, competence, and ability to perform a job are a necessity in the workplace.In an accounting firm, a simple mistake can be detrimental. It appears that Tameka exaggerated her abilities and was intentionally misleading upon being hired which exhibits a lack of veracity. This observation alone provides management with just cause to dismiss her. However, there are abuses that can be taken to properly assess this situation. This is where the negotiation process kicks in. The first step would be to train the employee. The reading indicates that Tameka has been given months of training, and she is still in sufficient of completing tasks.I would be sure to document the training sessions that were offered to Tameka, and I would record her performance in individually one. I would make Tameka sign off and clarify that she attended each training session to prevent verbal implications. After Tamekas failed act at training, I would compose a formal document outlining my concerns about her performance. This document would serve as a warning for termination. I would give her two weeks to show cash advance, even though she has already had the opportunity to do so. This document would slim down any risk or liability to the caller-out.If two weeks provoke passed and Tameka has shown no improvement, she will be terminated. Tameka may try to combat by exploitation the implied covenant of good reliance and fair dealing exception to the employment-at-will doctrine. This exception unremarkably involves a discharged employee who contends that the employer has indicated in various ways that the employee has job security and will be treated fairly (Smith, 1985). When Tameka indicated that she was a good worker who felt she was not appreciated, it set the grounds for accusations of good faith and fair dealing.Tameka would not be successful if she filed charges because she was not honest about her credentials. She led the employer to believe she was capable of completing tasks that she was treated fairly throughout the process by being given multiple chances to improve her performance. In scenario two, Tameka is frequently late to work and has major behavioral issues. As the supervisor, I tried to address the issues but Tameka retaliated that she is aware of the exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine and wrongful discharge in violation of publ ic policy.The first step to rectifying this situation is to review the employee code of conduct handbook. I would check to make sure the companys late policy and zero tolerance for wrong behavior are duly noted. Then, I would give a copy to Tameka to read and sign clarifying that she has read and agrees to the rules. After she has signed the rules and regulations, I would have a talk with her to address the issues and warn her of the seriousness of the offense.If the behavior continues, I will compose a formal document to serve as a final warning to Tameka before termination occurs. If the behavior continues, she will be terminated. Her termination would be based on her unwillingness to follow company rules, not respecting and treating her co-workers fairly, and not meeting performance expectations. Tameka may try to retaliate by claiming wrongful discharge in violation of public policy, which is another exception to the employment-at-will doctrine.Cases, using the public policy ex ception, protects employees who are discharged for fulfilling a public obligation, protects workers who are fired for exercising statutory rights, employees who are dismissed for refusing to participate in black or unethical activity, and to protect individuals who are discharged for blowing the whistle on the activities of their employers or co-workers (Callahan, 1991). In Tamekas case, wrongful discharge would not apply. She failed to adhere to company policies, and even after corrective coaching she still make no attempts at improvement.Tamekas signature on the rules and regulations sheet, the one-on-one session, and time given for improvement would reduce any liability on my part. The documentation I have for the situation would stand. In scenario three, Tameka takes off from work without management consent to observe a ghostly holiday. Coincidentally, the day occurs during a busy period for the company. Prior to the holiday, management stated that no one could take off withou t consent. Tameka encourages her co-workers to organize and form a labor union for protection. In this scenario, it would be unlawful to dismiss Tameka.However, I would compose a formal document to Tameka expressing the importance of calling in and allow management know if she will not be able to make work. I would reassure her that the company does not discriminate against employees regardless of their religious affiliation. I would send out a correspondence to all employees restating what I told Tameka to be sure everyone has an understanding of our non-discriminatory policy, and our appreciation toward calling in to work to make sure all shifts will be covered. Tamekas protection lies in the Civil Rights Act of 1964.Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 specifically forbids discrimination on the basis of religion for employment purposes, except when the employer is a religious organization , or when religion is a bona fide occupational qualification (Adams, 2001). Tamekas ob servance of the religious holiday is covered under this act. I could do nothing if Tameka and her co-workers wanted to form a labor union. The National Labors Relations Act (NLRA) protects the rights of employees to form or join a union, and prohibits employers from interfering, restraining, or coercing employees in the exercise of their rights to organize (Hollo, 2008).In the last scenario, Tamekas direct supervisor continuously asks her out on dates. She was certified during orientation of the company policy that prevents employees from dating their supervisor. Despite this, Tameka and her supervisor enter into a consensual family. The reading refers to the relationship as consensual which means both parties agreed to the relationship. Tamekas job was not threatened in any way if she did not choose to have the relationship with the supervisor. Equally, the supervisor was not coerced into the relationship in any way.I would interview both employees to get a detailed account of th e relationship and have them both sign and date it. This would reduce any liability and risk on my part. Both parties knew it was wrong, but they still continued the relationship. If both parties agree to end the relationship, I would have them sign a document stating that the relationship will be ended or termination will apply. Tameka and the supervisor could argue under the exception of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. They may feel it is unfair that they have to end their relationship or that they were not knowledgeable.However, both parties had full knowledge of company policy. Supervisors generally have more job security. It is likely the supervisor could argue his termination would counteract the companys implication of good faith in him. Regardless, all arguments made by Tameka and the supervisor would fail to prove a legit point. The company is showing enough good faith, just by allowing them the opportunity to rectify the situation. In conclusion, exception s to the employment-at-will doctrine can be controversial. It is important to always document incidents and situations, in case it is needed for protection in a lawsuit.Both employees and employers have allegiance to each other, and when one or both parties violates that allegiance, termination is often the result. Prevention of termination and other work related issues is directly related to the employee and employers understanding of company rules and regulations. The strategic factor is based on identifying an organizations key stakeholders. It is called the strategic factor because the strategies and measures developed via it are based on the factors relevant to an organizations key stakeholders.

Psychoanalytic and Trait Approaches to Personality Essay

The work of soulfulnessality had been peerless of the most intriguing subjects of psychology. Personality refers to a multifactorial set of characteristics unique to the individual which form base on how he/she feels, thinks, and be go throughs (Engler, 2003). Personality theories argon varied and each matchless tries to explain the development of temperament and its existenceifestations. The study of temperament had also led to a number of assessment tools that aim to quantify and describe personality.Moreover, the stability of 1s personality had also been found to be associated with the mental health of a person, as well as the quality of his/her relationship with others. Recently, personality had also been linked to biological health and certain types of illnesses. This paper discusses the psychoanalyticalal and trait approaches to the study of personality. The psychoanalytic approach to the study of personality was developed by Sigmund Freud in the early history of th e development of psychology as a scientific discipline.The psychoanalytic approach says that personality is shaped by the unconscious mind forces in ones mental state (Larsen & Buss, 2005). Individuals are often unaware of the unconscious mental forces and how it tooshie influence demeanour, thoughts, and emotions. Personality is composed of three structures, the id, ego, and superego. The id refers to the drives and instincts, the superego refers to the conscience or moral agency, and the ego is the mediator between the id and superego and is the social agency.The three agencies can be in conflict and produces care, the personality develops defense mechanisms to cope with the anxieties. The trait approach to personality says that personality is relatively stable from childhood to adulthood and that a person can be portrayed through his/her personality traits of which quite a number has been identified by trait theorists. Traits refer to the personal characteristics of the indi vidual that describes his/her patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings. parvenue-fangled trait theory endorses the Big 5 personality traits (OCEAN) which includes generateness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (Larsen & Buss, 2005). These personality traits had been found to exist in different cultures and can adequately describe a persons personality. The difference between psychoanalytic to the trait approach is how the psychoanalytic theory explains the development of personality as rooted in the unconscious mental states and childhood experiences of the individual.Trait theory suggests that the framework of ones personality is already present at birth and continues to develop over the bloodline of ones life. However, the basic personality traits will remain and influence the development of other traits (Funder, 2007). The psychoanalytic theory had it right when it said that previous experiences influences ones personality and defense mechani sms are utilize to ease anxieties brought about by unconscious drives and impulses.We know that ones experiences strongly affect ones personality, for example, a child deprived of parental love may become untrusting, cynical and grant poor relationships in adulthood. Defense mechanisms are patterns of behavior that are utilise as responses to anxieties to maintain normal functioning. The trait theory on the other hand was correct when it said that traits can be used to describe the person and that personality traits are stable over time. Personality traits are descriptions of behavioral, cognitive, and affective patterns that people have in varying degrees.For example, people who are extroverted are funny, sociable, friendly, and approachable it would be very difficult to find a person who is an extrovert and yet be reserved and shy. Moreover, personality traits are fairly stable, a child who is shy may overcome his/her shyness but on accession will exhibit some form of shyness. The psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the unconscious mental states of the individual as precursors of personality, however, if a person is not aware of this mental state, then how could that person be influenced by such forces.Moreover, psychoanalytic theory made mention that childhood experiences determines the personality of the individual, Freud however did not account for the fact that individuals with happy childhoods can also develop personality problems in adulthood. Trait theory on the other hand claim that the Big 5 personality traits are found across cultures, however, since trait theorists have already identified thousands of traits, is it not easier for them to categorize such traits into five universal traits.In addition, trait theory says that traits can adequately describe a person, however, how can traits fully portray the complex person by single trait. Trait theory attempts to provide a simplistic explanation to a very complex concept such as personality. Freuds d efense mechanisms are thought patterns that attempt to diffuse the anxiety that is brought about by conflicts in ones personality. Denial is one of the most used defense mechanism denial means to refuse the truth or the reality of an event or situation. For example, when one is diagnosed to be terminally ill, the first response is denial.The truth that one is dying is too painful for the individual to bear and causes anxiety, in order to deal with the anxiety, the individual may deny the diagnosis and believe that the doctor have made a mistake. Projection occurs when the individual attributes his/her own unacceptable impulses to another person. For example, a man who is confused with his sexuality may begin to hate gay men, hating gays would tell the person that he is not gay and therefore eases the anxiety of his confused feelings. Repression is used to control traumatic experiences or events that are full of anxiety.A child who had been abused by an adult may repress the memories and push it into the unconscious so that it would not be remembered. The psychoanalytic theory was developed in Victorian England where anything pertaining to ones sexuality was considered as a taboo and inappropriate (Engler, 2003). Freud was a neurologist and begun his work treating individuals with mental disorders which he called dementia. In his treatment, he discovered that most people who exhibited bizarre disorders had repressed memories and unconscious thoughts which were sexually laden.Freud deduced that the cause of the anxiety and illnesses of his patients where unconscious desires and traumatic childhood experiences which have prevented patients from building relationships, coping with lifes demands and adjustments to life events. Consequently, Freud developed a theory of personality that would integrate the intimacy he gained from his patients and the treatments that he used. Freuds theoretical concepts were labeled with notoriety as it included sexism which society did not approve of (Engler, 2003).Out of the Big 5 personality traits, the trait that best describes my personality is openness, I am adventurous and curious, and I always welcome the opportunity to learn something new. Thus, I am always open to new situations and experiences. I have a wider perspective than most people do do, I usually do not have opinions about things that I have not experienced, but I am open to the fact that I may or may not enjoy a new experience. I believe that being open to new experiences enriches my personality I am the kind of person who always signs up for new events, the first in the bungee jumping line, and the first to eat raw fish eggs.The personality trait that least describes me is neuroticism. As a person, I am aware of who I am and what I want from life, I have values and principles in life that I subscribe to in whatever I do, thus I am not prone to insecurities and I am emotionally stable. I rarely have emotional outbursts and uncontrollable ang er towards other people. I am in touch with my own feelings and I can express my emotions constructively. Since modern personality trait theory is the most widely applied theory of personality, I must say that it is more able to describe personality than the psychoanalytic theory.Trait theory had been the basis of numerous personality tests and inventories which all measure and break thoughts, feelings, and behavior under different personality traits. In conclusion, personality is a complex psychological construct that attempts to provide an explanation of why people have different traits, characteristics, behaviors, and coping strategies. Personality can be studied as an aspect of the totality of a person or it may also be used to describe the personhood of the individual. In any case, there is still more to learn about personality for at present we still have an neither picture of personality.

A Study of the Impact of Health Care Management and Health Care Delivery on the Health Status of Gabonese

This search paper is aimed to show the impact of the health administer forethought and health c atomic number 18 saving on the health pre configuration of the Gabonese.The composition, impact assessment of health carry off charge and health care sales talk profile will builds up from previous last and is expected to serve as a future building block that advances the conceptualization and practical understanding of how to evaluate the competence of health care management and delivery in Gabon.Throughout Gabon, there is a growing consensus about the nature and importance of health care management and delivery competence a undeniable component to accessible, responsive and high quality health care (Gerardi, 2004).Nevertheless, the pursuit of competence in health care management and delivery institutions is nearlyhow limit partly by the health industries deficiency of a systematic procedures and instruments for assessing competence in relation to health care status.The hea lth care management and delivery will be gauged on its presence, quality level as puff up as its contribution to good health and health care of the entire community of Gabon.The particular aims of the research are to develop an analytic framework for accessing the impact of health care management and health care delivery in the health care delivery organizations, point out specific indicators that outhouse be used in connection to the framework as well as assessing the importance, feasibleness and practical implication of the framework and its indicators.The health status indicators in Gabon will mainly be focused on quality of provision of primary health care, general mortality rate rates for both adults and minorren and the effects of health care management and delivery on average life expectancy of the people of Gabon (MSH, 1991).Problem of the StatementTo study the impact of health care management and health care delivery in Gabon, the research team will apply various metho ds to reach these objectives. The research team will solicit inputs from individuals with massive expertise on issues related to health care management and delivery.These individuals will share information, insights as well as opinions throughout the research period on ongoing basis through meetings and written commentaries. The research team will also receive inputs from a wide range of key informants in private and public sector who have knowledge on health care management and health care delivery in Gabon.Further, the research will also include inputs from workshops with the public in different zones. Finally, the research team will make visits to best practice destinetings in the health care delivery institutions that have been recognized by the public for their creative and innovation in the health care delivery.Visits will be make to both public and private health care facilities. The web spots to be visited should be varied in size, existence served, auspices as well as l evel and scope of health care management and delivery competence activities. These visits will offer opportunities to get experience-based practical views about the impact of health care management and health care delivery in Gabon.The research intends to use an interactive process in developing the research findings. Initially, there will be feeler assessment of guidelines and initial set of indicators needs to be developed in literature review.This will be followed closely by refining the preliminary framework, set of indicators and related assumptions. This will be done by considering the feedback from the key informants, input from the professionals in the health care industry as well as findings from site visits.Finally, the framework and indicators resulting from this refinement will further be revised based on the wide range of inputs from the experts as well as various persons contacted during the site visits. The final report of the findings of the research will be compile d and presented for analysis and evaluation. For this research purposes, the health care management and delivery will be refer fierce to as behaviors, policies and attitudes that mix in in a system among professionals and/or agency in agency in facilitating the above to work effectively in improving the health status of the Gabonese. To develop tools to access the impact in the context of health care, the research team is to concentrate on organizational level only.The organizational structure in health management and delivery is an integral part of systematic patient-centred and has the momentum to improve the access to care, quality of care as well as health outcomes (MSH, 1991).The organization ordinarily serves as the driving multitude in the development and maintenance of individual health care provider competence by providing the managers, policies and systems that offer the experiences they encounter. Moreover organizational culture affects the renovation delivery and al so serves as a mechanism for maintaining quality health care delivery.Historical Perspective of Health make out Management and Delivery query and other studies have indicated that late neo-natal deaths are attributed to perinatally related experiences. The survival of infants at 24-27 weeks gestation depends on the effectiveness of maternal and/or prenatal care (Weir, et al, 1993). Although Gabons expenditure on health care provision is higher, infant survival rates are low relative to other developing countries.Lower child maternal rates in Gabon can be avoided by improving the policy of health care delivery mainly by focusing on process issues. Recent studies show that prenatal maternal rates in Gabon are approximately 82 per every 1,000 total births and there is gradual sum up in rate over time (Weir, et al, 1993).Prenatal deaths are mostly caused by asphyxia, immaturity and macerated stillbirth. The prevalence of low birth weight babies, multiple pregnancies and admitted pati ents are some of the major reasons for high mortality rates, particularly in Gabon.To reduce the current high prenatal maternal rates in Gabon, public education on danger signs of prolonged labour and regular training of health professionals as well as improving neo-dental facilities are very important. Recent studies on planetary prenatal mortality figures show that between 6 and 7 million prenatal deaths come up for every 132 million births per year (MSH, 1991).It also shows that the dominant causes of those prenatal deaths were mainly caused by poor maternal health, early child bearing and most importantly, lack of appropriate and quality health delivery. Although technology has provided medical checkup service providers with life-saving practices, almost of mothers have no access to services during pregnancy and also do not have access to service for childbirth.Infectious diseases such as pneumonia, influenza, malaria as well as tuberculosis are the main causes of mortality in the 20th century in Gabon (Gerardi, 2004). In the same vein recently measles, cholera as well as intestinal infections are continually and regularly causing mortality in Gabon and m any(prenominal) other parts of the world.There has been substantial lessening of prevalence and impact of the above-mentioned diseases due to current improved control of environment, personal hygiene, medical facilities, proper management of human waste as well as dispensation including proper vaccination.Due to the laissez-faires attitude of the populace and government in Gabon maternal health and infant mortality has been a very hot issue. These problems are considered to occur as a result of ignorance, lack of commitment, corruption, illiteracy and apathy among medical health care delivery institutions.For the health of mothers and their new born in Gabon, racial differences play an integral part towards immunity to medical posts. West Africans and their descendants normally have resistance from malaria and hookworms and to be specific, in the case of malaria, West Africans red cells do not have the Duffy antigen (Weir, et al, 1993). This antigen normally acts as a receptor where parasites attain entrance to the same.Moreover, a relative resistance to more acute types of P. falcipanum such as cerebral malaria is normally displayed by haemoglobin carriers such as Sickle-cell traits and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenate deficiency. Maternal antibodies protect the child from malaria in utero and initially after birth. Research and other studies emanating from Gabon shows that malaria is the highest cause of mortality all over the country.On the other hand, measles infections which show symptoms such as rash and fever normally cannot be secernate from malaria. A lot of disability to children in Gabon in the recent past can be attributed to measles. Polio is also a major disease condition in Gabon. This is due to the many disabilities and deaths it has caused. Survivors of pol io always tend to turn out to be beggars, crippled and handicapped as well as devastated by the impact of poliomyelitis.In Gabon, another cause of high death rates is Diptheria. In mothers and infants tetanus is also a major cause of mortality (Gerardi, 2004). This is because they are heart-to-heart to bacterial infection at childbirth as well as wound injury. Since this normally caused lock jaw and seizures in patients it results to high death rates.These diseases can be prevented by the introduction of health vaccination in Gabon. Further, septic abortion, puerperal fever as well as threatened abortion which normally three to streptococci entering the uterus at childbirth hence causing endomteritis is also a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in Gabon. In short, HIV/AIDS, malaria, syphilis, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, measles among others are presenting a very challenging issue in general health status of the populace in Gabon.Main concern affecting the Health CareLack of education among women is one of the major factors concerning effective delivery of health care. This is because it leads to individuals not to sufficiently understand the danger signs of adverse medical conditions as well as not being capable of following the prescription.Further, there has been discrimination in the provision of health care in footing of how wealthy one, is poverty status, race as well as nationality. Also in the rapid increase in population, the health care costs are also increasing and this raises concern about the quality of health care delivery and financing, that is, in the case of public hospitals in Gabon.Changing facilities, participation of women labour force and increased divorce cases leads to little care to individuals with disabilities by relatives and thus increasing demand for the government design public and social program to take care of the affected (Weir, et al, 1993). Also, diseases such as HIV/AIDS among other incurable diseases are of maj or concern to the health care fraternity.The impact of inadequacyPoor governance and in particular in health care management and health care delivery can lead to poor health status among the Gabonese people. This is because it would lead to corruption where the medical facilities and drugs will be embezzled by some individuals for their own beneficial gains. Also, inadequate governance can lead to discrimination in the provision of health care in terms of various individual orientation (Gerardi, 2004).These orientations can include economic status, level of literacy, ethnicity among many others. This can in turn affect the general socio-economical development of the people of Gabon.ConclusionPoor health management and health care delivery impacts negatively on health status of any given populace. In this modern era in Gabon rapid population increase as well as increased environmental disease conditions exposures the prospects of population health in Gabon could be an acute national health public issue. Serious and targeted health care management and health care delivery proviso should be put into play to prevent medical situations catastrophe.This can be done well with first of all evaluating the current health status situation in Gabon. Secondly it can also be done by designing best strategies towards effective prevention and management of the outcomes. It is critical that a cover and realistic health care management and health care delivery policies should be put in place. This can result to a remarkable progress of health status of the Gabonese.ReferenceGerardi, D., (2004). Using Medication Techniques to Manage Conflicts and Create Healthy Work Environments. American Association of Critical Care Nurses Clinical Issues. 15.Management Sciences for Health (MSH). (1991). foreign drug price indicator guide.Weir, M. J., and Ogundiran, A. (1993). A Syndrome based STD surveillance system for Nigeria. Abstract. In 9th International Conference on AIDS/4th STD Worl d Congress, heap 1, Berlin, Germany.

Cancer Can Be Avoided

Being cardinal of the longest prevailing unsoundnesss without a cure, crabmeat has claimed the lives of many people not just now in the conspiracy pacific just the world and has left many families destitute and traumatized. pubic louse with its variety and names depending on the bea of the body affected has led to an unpredictable increase in number of deaths in a societys census affecting the population by the bulk each year. This bear witness depart argue that pubic louse can be stave offed and intends to list and describe paths in which it can be reduced to a minimum. The essay will unfold in two parts. Firstly it will rectify on the causes of cancer.Then it will briefly state solutions to help combat cancer. crabby person is the result of supernormal cell growth and is caused when a normal body cell does not function properly. The cell grows and divides uncontrollably without dying out finall(a)y becoming cancerous and a tumor results and symptoms vary depending on where the cancer is situated in the body. However, the cell does not become dysfunctional on purpose instead they be the result of many unhealthy choices made by individuals, thus the intentions in the first part of this essay is to briefly give detailed explanation on causes of cancer.To begin with, research has shown that at that place are substances which are directly related to cancer. Substances known as carcinogens are found to provoke the cells typical function and investigations know found that exposure to these substances induce chances of getting cancer. These substances include Tobacco, asbestos, arsenic, radiation much(prenominal) as gamma and x-rays, the sun, and compounds in car exhaust fumes (Medical News Today, 2012, p. 2). In addition, carcinogens are practically found everywhere from cosmetics to frequent useable items, these toxins are essentially ubiquitous consequently intensifying chances of getting cancer.However, on that point are those individuals with disadvantageously habits much(prenominal) as smoking and over consume alcohol, their choices evidently lead to cancer and eventually come to their families. Furthermore, it has been proven that age is directly proportional to cancer. Older individuals are more susceptible to cancer compared to jr. individuals in a society. Therefore age is vital when considering factors for the prevalence of cancer. As we age, there is an increase in the number of cancer causing mutations in our DNA.This makes age an important risk factor for cancer. (Medical News Today, 2012, p. 2). Viruses besides play a role in causing cancer. Cancer caused by viruses is common in Pacific Island nations and the undeviating result of this problem is an increase in mortality rate and a decrease in life expectancy amongst pacific societies. According to Mr. Joe Tooma, Chief Executive Officer of the Australian Cervical Cancer Foundation, in the Solomon Islands, cervical cancer is the number one cancer kill er of woman..Almost all cervical cancer has been shown to be caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV) Several other viruses such as HIV, Epstein-Barr virus which causes cancer common amongst children and hepatitis B and C which results in lung cancer have been set to have an association with cancer. These viruses suppresses or weakens the immune system- inhibits the bodys ability to fight infections and increases chances of developing cancer (Medical News Today, 2012, p. 2).In addition to this fact, according to Mr. Tooma it is predicted that four out of five people all entirely about the world will be exposed to HPV in their lifetime. This is a very alarming figure and if society is not aware, the prediction may become reality. Although cancer is a possible threat to human existence, there are preventative measures that can be followed to reduce the problem. These measures include a healthy diet and lifestyle, heavy habits, standard checkups to clinics and vaccination.First ly, a healthy diet and lifestyle is vital and should be considered in an attempt to avoid cancer. A balanced meal with the right nutritional value will do more than just keep an individual fit, it will too reduce chances of getting cancer since what we eat has been linked to the disease (Medical News Today, 2012, p. 3). Maintaining a garden is recommended as it does not only provide fresh healthy meals but at the same time it keeps an individual fit delinquent to physical efforts put into looking afterward the garden.Older individuals should keep to a daily routine that involves exercise for at least thirty minutes, as they are more susceptible to cancer. However, having a garden will not be feasible for some(a) families especially for those in urban areas who are only confined to the walls of their house or face restrictions due to tenancy policy. But, innovations such as flower pots and possibly an agreement with landlords can help solve this issue. Secondly, ridding of drab habits such as smoking and over consumption of alcohol will considerably lower the casualty of developing cancer.Studies show that choosing not to smoke tobacco or drink alcohol significantly lowers the risks of several(prenominal) types of cancer- most notably lung, throat, mouth and liver cancer. (Medical News Today, 2012, p. 3). Finally, regular checkups and vaccination is a necessary utensil in avoiding and curing cancer. Victims have an opportunity to achieve remission through the use of services such as Pap smear tests, mammograms and testicular self-examinations. research has proven that by decision cancer betimes at stage 1 or 2, there is a 90 percent survival rate.However, finding cancer late at stages 3 or 4 drops the survival rate to 10-20 percent. (Fiji Cancer Society, 2007, p. 1). Purchasing of instruments to help aid in identifying damaged cells can also be a way for organization to reduce cancer rates. Instruments like colonoscope would be obliging as it would as sist in the first detection and treatment of bowel and intestinal cancers. (Vanuatu Daily Post Newspaper, 2012, p. 1). In addition to this fact, introductions of vaccines such as the anti-cervical cancer vaccine to combat against the HPV virus that causes cervical cancer in women.There are also vaccines present that prevent viruses such as the hepatitis B or C virus from affecting its host. However, there are cases where it is difficult to give effective treatment or the cancer cannot be cured due to genetic predisposition in DNA that is inherited from parents. But that is the whole point of having a regular check up, in order to minimize damages the cancer has done to the body and through giving medication aids, individuals with inherited genetic predisposition n their DNA could be helped by making access to medical exam services convenient to them. It is evident that cancer cannot be fully eradicated however preventative measures can be taken to reduce the chances of developing cancer. The preceding measures stated in the contents of this essay can only be fulfilled when individuals are cautious of their choices and are aware of the impact their decisions will have on society, their family and most importantly themselves.

Feral Children Essay

djinni was a modern wild-child, discovered on 1970. She had been isolated from society for something about ten years. When she was discovered, she had suffered from severe sociable deprivation. Among the problems that were cause by lifestyle she was imposed to, were significant corporal problems. According to Ward (2007) She had a strange bunny-like whirl she held her hands up in front of her like paws and moved in a halting way. She could non raft solid food and could hardly swallow. She spat constantly. She sniffed. She was not toilet-trained and could not focus her eye beyond 12 feet.She weighed 59 pounds and was 54 inches tall. Some of these problems ar undoubtedly caused by misfires extremely limited fond interactions. Her habit to spit and sniff, her strange style of walking are caused by lack of social interaction. Normally an average child is surrounded by the adults who give to it plenty of examples as to how to walk, how to do things and how to behave. Toilet-train ing also is an acquired skill that is learned only in constant interaction with parents or fosterers, i. e. in constant social interaction.Genies inability to focus her eyes at objects that were at comparatively long distance from her is a result of life in an environment that had almost no optical stimuli, and hence this physical problem is also result of social deprivation. Genies inability to chew solid food and swallow, along with her height and weight are rather the result of her food circumscribe than the aftermath of long-term social isolation. Genies amazing initial ability to learn humane behaviors from those around her is not surprising, because her ability to perceive and learn from the local environment was not satisfied by the poor environment she lived in for many years.And when her environment was significantly enriched with irritants and stimuli, the mind of Genie had awakened from conventionalised slumber by the potent stream of new information from her sensory organs. Her ability to copy and took surgical incision into the physical actions like dressing are explained well by the initial imprinting that was even more efficient than usually due to the contrast between the emotionally and sensory poor environment she used to live in and new enriched with information and interactions environment she went into.As Genie was found and rescued she instanter became the subject of diversified scientific studies that took significant part of her everyday life. This raises the question was such intensive choose of Genie ethical towards her? Considering the conditions that Genie lived in before she was found, considering the fact that scientists tried to spent with her more condemnation than it was necessary to carry out current tests in order to build a sense of family to the girl that never knew what a family is before, it is possible to say that interactions with scientists were beneficial to Genie.She immediately started to advance in a se rve up of things she never had a single chance to learn before. She had found wad that took care of her and emulated the family to her. And whereas the studies she was subjected to had accompanied her interactions with people and were intended to find out if Genie had retained her ability to learn and socialize and how did her long isolation from society affected her, it is possible to say that such an social symbiosis between socially divest child and scientists is perfectly acceptable.Scientists quickly found out that, despite the long time spent in environment harsh and deprived both of information and emotions, Genie had retained ability and desire for cultivation and manifested this ability and eager for learning very quickly after being transferred into more favorable environment. This is rather natural. The young organism with inviolate ability to study and learn her local neighborhood, being transferred from the conditions that disfavored any investigative activity to t he conditions that encourage observation and learning, started to overtake the lack of information about the local environment.This is perfectly conventionalism because it is natural to any mammal to explore his local environment to find out where the safe places are and where the places to feed and places to be avoided located. This is an instinctive set of actions that guarantees the organism cleanse adaptation to this local environment and, therefore, better chances to survive. To explore ones local neighborhood is instinctive, and human child is not immune to these instincts. unless in humans the ability to learn and the need to explore his neighborhood is expressed much more than in any other mammal, even in other Primates, thus creating more eminent desire for learning.But the single need for learning for a human is not enough. Need for learning and earmark conditions to satisfy this need are important of course, but these factors are enough to learn only physical and emo tional aspects of human life. As to more abstract components, for example, ability to speak certain language correctly, set the words into the logical order in accordance with rules of the language, there are more conditions needed, some of them quite an specific.Coming back to Genie example One of the last tests measured what parts of her brain were alive(p) as she conducted different kinds of tasks. There was almost no left-hand(a) brain activity. Her tests looked similar to tests of children who had to have their left brains removed. (Ward, 2007) This shows how important is socialising in development of activities that are build on logic and that are physiologically bound to activity of the left hemisphere of the brain.On the example of Genie it becomes clear that early socialization is the key to normal development of intellectual skills based on left brain activity, and the deficit of social interactions in these early years can lead to irreversible underdevelopment of skills vitally important to contemporary human. References 1. Ward, Andrew. (2007). Genie, a modern-day Wild Child. Retrieved September 15, 2008 from http//www. feralchildren. com/en/showchild. php? ch=genie

Gelatin: Colloid and Conductivity Essay

In recent age at that place has been a revival of interest in the mi cellular phonear theory of expression proposed by Nt moussei in 1852 as a theory for the coordinate of protoplasm. This theory has been taken over by colloid chemists and applied to the structure of many colloids as a result of the work of Zsigmondy (1), Pauli (2), McBaln (3, 4) and their co- workers. Laing and McBain (4) have further extended the micellar theory to the sol- mousse interlingual rendition by proposing that the micellar unit of the gel disk operating system is identical with that in the sol.According to these authors All that is necessary is to enter that the particles become stuck together or oriented into loose aggregates, which may be chance granules or, more probably threads. This conception is based on a study of sodium oleate, for which they anchor that in spite of the gigantic change in viscosity involved in the change from sol to gel, such properties as electric conductivity, low ering of the vapor pressure, refractive index, and sodium ion concentration remained identical in both the sol and the gel state.In support of their theory, Laing and McBain point out that Arrhenius (5) tack together the conductivity in gele-water-salt systems to be the same in both sol and gel. This aspect of the micellar theory has been extended by Gelfan (6) to protoplasm because he found that the conductivity of protoplasm remained independent of changes in viscosity and by Gelfan and Quigley (7) to the blood coagulation performance since their experiments showed that during the coagulation process in that location is no change in the conductivity of shed whole blood or plasma, in spite of the almost infinite increase in viscosity during coagulation.In view of the concentration of wasted electrolytes in the gelatin experiments of Arrhenius, as well as in protoplasm and in blood, the question arises whether the abstract entity from the findings on sodium oleate to every(pr enominal) gelling systems, particularly among the proteins, is valid.In other words, is the identity of conductivity in the sol and gel state receivable to an identical micellar structure of these protein sys- tems, or is it due to the conductivity of the excess electrolytes beingness so much greater than the conductivity of the ionized protein salts that the difference in conductivity produced by the morphologic changes involved in the sol-gel transformation was non detectable by the experimental procedure employed?That there is little or no change in the conductivity and diffusibility of lectrolytes in colloidal systems on ever-changing from sol to gel has long been known and is not a vital point in partnership with the micellar theory of Lalng and McBain, since all theories of gel structure postulate that the structure pro- duced is enormous in size compared with dome dimensions and thus exerts almost no hindering effect on ionic movement. To obtain a filled insight into t he question, the following study has been carried out on the conductivity of gelatin sols and gels. Gelatin was selected because it is an example of a protein capable of undergoing a reversible sol-gel transformation.In carrying out the study we had in mind the work of Krishnamurti (8) who, from a study of the light-scattering in sols and gels of agar, has concluded that the micellar structures in the two states are not identical and also that of Craig and Schmidt (9) who found differences between the refractive indices of gelatin sols and gels. Experimental Procedure In measuring the conductivity, the Kohlrausch principle was employed, with the difference that a one-stage vacuum tube amplifier was introduced between the bridge and the telephone, which made it readily possible to make measure- ments accurate to 0. per cent.The out raise of the bridge current was a General Radio Oscillator, and the capacity of the conducting cell was balanced in collimate by the setting of an ad on the buttonable condensor. The conductivity cell used through- out the experiments was of the bottle type, constructed of Pyrex glass. A ther- mometer, unclouded to 0. 1 A, was fitted into the neck of the ceil in such a way that it could be immersed in the gelatin without interfering with the continuity of the liquid betweeen the electrodes. All measurements were made at 25AC. Difco granular gelatin was used in the experiments.It was purified and made ash- light according to the procedure described by Loeb (10). The purified gelatin on analysis was found to be totally ash-free and in aqueous solutions to have a pH order of 4. 75 as metric by the hydrogen electrode. The analysis of the gelatin in the experimental solutions was carried out by evaporating l0 cc. portions to dryness in porcelain crucibles and then heating at 110AC. to constant weight. The plan of the experiments was to warm the gelatin to a temperature of about 37* to obtain the sol, fill the conductivity cell with he liquid gelatin, and then immerse the filled ceil in an oil thermostat kept at 25*. The leads of the con- ductivity bridge were connected with the ceil and when the temperature of the gelatin fell to 25 A as shown by the thermometer immersed in the gelatin, the con- ductivity reading was first taken, and then further readings were made at various time intervals. To check the conductivity readings, the gelatin in the cell was again warmed up to 37 A and the procedure repeated.To obtain the conductivity of the gel, the cell filled with gelatin was cooled down in an ice chest to about 10 A to obtain a flying gel. The conductivity cell was then returned to the 25 A bath and the conductivity reading taken when the gel reached the 25Atemperature. As with the sol, the readings for the gel were checked by repeating the cooling. The experiments carried out were first, a series at different concen- trations of the pure isoelectric gelatin itself to determine the effect of variation in the concentration of gelatin.The results of this series are stipulation in prorogue I. In this series, it was found that all concentrations of gelatin above 1 per cent set to a firm gel at 25 A, exclusively that concen- trations of 1 per cent or less remained in a semiliquid state at this temperature. From the results on the pure gelatin, a concentration of gelatin was selected that would set to a firm gel at the temperature of the conductivity measurements, namely, about 3 per cent, and experiments were next carried out on the effects of electrolytes on the conductivity of the sol-gel transformation.The electrolytes used were hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and sodium chloride at varying concentrations. The results of these experiments are re- heap in carry over II where there are recorded the gelatin content, the concentration of electrolyte added, the conductivity of sol and gel respectively, and the percentage difference of conductivity between the two states.In the measur ement of the conductivity of the gelatin sols and gels it was found, except for those samples where there was no difference in conductivity between sol and gel, that the conductivity did not attain a constant value as soon as the 25 A temperature was attained, but on the contrary, continued to drift slowly even though the temperature remained unchanged thereafter.This drift was in the bursting charge of a decreasing conductivity for the sol and an increasing conductivity for the gel, which on being allowed sufficient time, starting from either The lack of correspondence to a small degree between the gelatin concentration and the conductivity in certain of the experiments listed is explained by the drift in the conductivity noted in the text which makes an lead reproducibility in gelatin solutions impossible. the sol or gel state, finally reached a constant value representative of the equilibrium state of the gelatin at that temperature. In the present experiments, this equilibriu m state for all except the 0. 9 percent gelatin of Table I was a firm gel.In the experiments where no difference in conductivity was found between the sol and gel condition, this drift was absent and in these samples when the thermostat tem-perature was once attained, the conductivity became constant. This was the result found for the first experiment of Table I, with a con- centration of 0. 90 per cent gelatin for which a semiliquid state was the state at 25 A and for the experiments of Table II where the con- ductivity difference between sol and gel was zero although firm gels were stable at the 25 A temperature.The conductivity figures for the rest of the experiments in Tables I and II are the values measured just after the thermostat temperature was attained by the gelatin. The data with the pure gelatin and the electrolyte- necessitateing gelatin solutions are not in accord with McBains theory. Rather they are in harmony with the viewpoint that there is a distinct difference in the micellar units of the sol and gel state when a definite firm gel is formed.The gel state shows the lower conductivity of the two forms, which would be expected if the micellar unit of the gel is tranquil of aggre- gates of the sol micelles, thus naturally resulting in a lower electric mobility. That the difference in conductivity is due mainly to electrical changes accompanying the structural changes of the sol-gel transformation is indicated by the experiments of Table I. Since in these experiments, the gelatin was completely ash-free, the measured conductivity can only be a measure of the electrical charge of the gelatin in the solution and the accompanying hydrogen ions.From the pH value of 4. 75 given by these solutions, the hydrogen ion concentration is less than 2 A 10 -5 tools per liter, which, using the value of 350 for the hydrogen ion mobility, leads to the value of 0. 7 A 10 -5 for the specific conductivity. This value in comparison with the values found for the gel atin, points to the conductivity coming mainly from the charged gelatin and that the decrease in conductivity on gelation is due to aggregation of the gelatin units.The data of Table II substantiate this point of view. When the electrolyte concentration is low there is a distinct difference between the conductivity of the sol and gel state. This difference decreases with increase in the electrolyte concentration and is no longer detected when the conductivity of the electrolyte-containing solutions increases about 100-fold the value of the difference in the conductivity between the sol and gel of the original isoelectric gelatin.The conductivity difference between the gelatin sols and gels as shown in Table II becomes undetectable at an electrolyte concentration of approximately 0. 01 molal, yet blood and protoplasm contain more than tenfold this amount. On this account, the experiments on the electrolyte-containing gelatin solutions throw grave doubts on the conclusion worn-out by Gelfan for protoplasm and by Gelfan and Quigley for the blood coagulation process.In view of the large excess of free electrolytes in the systems studied by the above authors, the fact that they found no change in conductivity with changes in viscosity or on gelation, is, under the circumstances, no proof of either an identity of micellar structure in the different physical states of the systems they studied or of a micellar structure at all. From the present studies, along with Craig and Schmidts refractometric results, and the work of Krishnamurti on agar, it must be con- cluded that the McBain theory of an identical unit structure for the sol-gel state has no general applicability.